WHAT IS THE DECIBEL SCALE?
The range of powers, voltages and currents encountered in radio engineering is too wide to be expressed on linear scale. Consequently, a logarithmic scale based on the decibel (dB, one tenth of a bel) is used.
The decibel does not specify a magnitude of a power, voltage or current but a ratio between two values of them. Gains and losses in circuits or radio paths are expressed in decibels.
The ratio between two powers is given by:
Gain or loss, dB = 10 log10 P1/P2
where P1 and P2 are the two powers.
As the power in a circuit varies with the square of the voltage or current, the logarithm of the ratio of these quantities must be multiplied by twenty instead of ten. To be accurate the two quantities under comparison must operate in identical impedances:
Gain or loss, dB = 20 log10 V1/V2
To avoid misunderstandings, it must be realized that a ratio of 6 dB is 6 dB regardless of whether it is power, voltage or current that is referred to: if it is power, the ratio for 6 dB is four times; if it is voltage or current, the ratio is two times
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